Listener Friendly Solos (1)

Back in the days of Gene Krupa and Papa Jo Jones, drum solos were simple, with jungle rhythms on the toms and a lot of fancy footwork on the snare. As music became more sophisticated, so too did drum solos. Then we hit the whole 'uber art' decades of bop and neo-bop. Intellectuals with chops to burn set the world on fire while raising the technical bar considerably. But, truth be known, Max Roach could not move an audience quite the same way Buddy Rich could. And the reason was simple: Max created his solos in a more intellectual, perhaps less user-friendly style. Buddy always played to the crowd.

I use a simple formula when I’m writing: audience, content, style. Many people, when they sit down to write, focus too much on style, or they obsess about content. The result is that they may virtually forget about the audience -- the people who might want to read their work. If you want to be read, then you have to make your writing user-friendly.

As musicians, we can fall into this same trap of style and content before everything else. A lot of beginning drummers obsess about speed, licks and chops, sometimes neglecting to study music and music history. Worse, they may play totally for their own amusement or to impress rather than express.

Now, despite the nature of his music, Max Roach said he played for the dancers. He wanted to play music that would move the listeners, to get them ‘on their feet’, if only in spirit. And it worked, despite the limitations that were applied to small clubs at the time(2). 

A great example of playing for the audience is Steve Moore "The Mad Drummer”. You've probably seen Steve in a video titled “This drummer is at the wrong gig.” A very capable player to begin with, Steve decided to specialize in what drives audiences crazy. Why? Well why not? And despite Steve's unorthodox style, he generally doesn't let it mess with the music. 

My suggestion is, next time out -- whether soloing or just playing time -- pay attention to your listeners and try to tell them a story through your instrument. If you get this right, your chops will be put to good use and you'll have a better chance of getting the ‘dancers’ on your side.

 

1 - This is a concept I got from veteran Toronto-based drummer Al Cross. In this video, Al talks about studying with Joe Morello.

2 - In 2017, New York City repealed its Cabaret Law. The law went into effect in 1926 and it banned dancing in clubs without the appropriate license, which many clubs -- primarily small jazz clubs -- could not afford. So Max really was playing for the dancers, even when they couldn't dance.

Everything I Know About Bearing Edges

It began decades ago, when I noticed that the profiles of a lot of bearing edges didn’t seem to match the profiles of plastic drum heads that were available. So I began playing around with bearing edges, and have continued to study their role in a drum’s sound.

Here’s what I think I've learned so far.

Close To The Edge
In the beginning, bearing edges were a nice-to-have, but not that big a deal. “Close enough” was close enough because calf-skin heads would always fit themselves to the drum. Plastic heads are not so accommodating. It's also not uncommon for a vintage drum to have somewhat irregular bearing edges, perhaps due to low tolerances at the factory, uneven shrinking of the shell material or physical damage. Such drums will be hard to tune unless given a bit of TLC.

Not All Created Equal
Modern drums are better suited to the profile of plastic drum head collars, but good design and quality control are not a guarantee of bearing edge excellence. You're right to expect perfection in a $1000+ instrument. However in the lower price tiers, the edges will naturally have received less attention. There’s a cost attached to bearing edges, and the labour costs will be reflected in the price of the drum. That said, a reasonably well made drum can often be 'up-cycled' by giving it a good bearing edge treatment just as a modest acoustic guitar can be improved with a high quality bridge saddle. The bearing edge is, after all, the drum's 'bridge'.

I'm So Confused
And so you should be. Options you may hear about bearing edges include: round-over, 30 degree, 45 degree, dual-45, reverse 45,  45 with round-over, bull-nose, baseball bat, vintage round-over. There are also different theories, applications, claims, boasts, and myths. 

Yes, It Really Does Matter
An uneven bearing edge can be a nightmare, but a 'proper' bearing edge may not be right either. The edge profile can have a significant effect on tone and other factors, including: resonance, brightness, tessitura, sustain, body, and volume. Most drum makers these days tailor the bearing edges to the style and economics of the drum -- e.g. vintage style edges on vintage style drums -- or perhaps they finish them to a house standard, “That Great Gretsch Sound” being one example. Some companies even offer a choice of bearing edges.

My advice is to not worry about it unless there are visible defects in the bearing edge or you're befuddled by a drum's behaviour. You can find a lot of information about bearing edge properties online. There are also videos that can show you how to check your bearing edges, and if there is an issue, a drum tech can help. It's also not that hard an exercise for a do-it-yourselfer ... again, lots of videos on this.

Photo by Gfilms

 

Cymbal Guarantees

Most quality products come with a guarantee or warranty these days. Cymbal companies too have warranties on their products. That means, if it breaks, they first of all want to know about it, and if it’s a quality issue they'll very likely send you a new cymbal.

But the breakage has to be their fault.

At one time, cymbal breakage was rare. People just plain played much less aggressively. And, to some extent they seemed to value their instruments more than seems to be the case with quite a number of contemporary players. Most companies will guarantee a newly purchased cymbal against certain types of breakage, but it ends there. If a player breaks a replacement cymbal, all love is lost and the cymbal will not be replaced. The rational is that the owner/player must be doing something wrong or just plain abusing their bronze.

If you find you're breaking a lot of cymbals, have a look at your cymbal set-up and how you hit. Your cymbals should be the correct size and weight for your music, and set up so that hitting with a glancing blow is the default.

Cymbal abuse comes in many forms, but the biggest issues are:

• Improper mounting,
• Too light for the job,
• Over-playing leading to fatigue,
• Hitting too hard,
• Hitting directly on-axis. 

Warranty Statements
Warranties are always limited. In the case of a cymbal, the maker will replace it if it is a manufacturing fault. There’s also a time limit, usually one or two years from the original date of purchase. That's pretty decent considering you're going to be beating these things regularly.

Sample Cymbal Warranty - from https://www.trurootcymbals.com. (Edited for length and clarity; emphasis added)

• Limited 1-Year from the date of purchase
• After inspection, [if] it is determined that your cymbal failed under normal use, a replacement will be provided. Typically, if a crack appears along the lathe lines it would fall under the scope of [the] warranty.
• Warranty does not cover any misuse. If a crack appears cutting through the lathe lines, it would fall outside of the warranty, as the damage would have been caused from misuse.

To Claim A Warranty
If you feel the failure was due to defects in the material or workmanship, pack up the cymbal and dig the receipt out of the shoe box. Take both to the place of purchase or to another authorized dealer for that brand. The rep at the music store should be able to guide you through the process, and can arrange for the cymbal to be sent for evaluation and possible replacement.

The Reject Pile
Your claims may be rejected for any of the following reasons:

• Excessive force or abuse (multiple cracks, edge cracks and cracks around the bell)
• Improper transport or storage
• Cymbals that have been dropped
• A product that has been altered in any way

So take care of your cymbals and chances are your cymbals will take care of you.

Photo by Tompet80,  Dreamstime.com

A Brief History of the Butt Plate (plus some other stuff)

The coiled-steel snare wire is a wonderful invention, and a huge improvement over, uh, animal parts. But making it happen required the simultaneous invention of the snare End Plate (1) and it's introduction opened a can of worms.

The original snare 'wires' were made of leather, usually some type of gut (intestine linings: sheep or goat ... not cat). When coupled with thin leather heads, gut snares worked well. All that was needed was a bit of relief in the rim and at the edge of the drum shell and all was well. Ordinary humidity would ensure that both the head and the gut snares would mould themselves perfectly to the Snare Bed (2) profile.

With the introduction of the butt plate, the game changed completely. Because snare wires are made of metal, they must be firmly attached to something that's strong enough to hold them. The standard butt plate is a slice of metal slightly wider than the set of wires and around 1/2-inch deep. It's metal (plastic was tried for a time, but soon abandoned) and it doesn't flex. So, where you once had soft, flexible gut strands that easily conformed to the leather drum head, you now have two chunks of inflexible metal that sit right plunk on the snare head at both sides of the drum. And that's a problem.

After the introduction of plastic heads and metal snares, the Snare Gate (3) was made larger, but the snare bed remained almost unchanged for a long time. There are even a few modern snare drum makers that still use old-style snare beds -- fairly deep and only marginally wider than the snares themselves. I might mention here that plastic drum heads don't sit well on deep, narrow snare beds. Double jeopardy.

There were some very creative attempts to solve the problem that mainly involved changing how the snares were attached to the drum. Leedy, Slingerland and a few others added a Snare Bridge (4) outside the snare gate at each side of the drum. The snare cords/straps traveled over the guide and ran parallel to the snare head when they entered the snare gate. This kept the butt plates from pressing into the head.

The Rogers Drum Company decided to mount the snares in a rack that kept the butt plates off the snare head. This trick had a second advantage: The horizontal snare tension could be adjusted separately from the vertical tension. Original Rogers ‘Dynasonic’ snare drums are still highly prized and have recently been reintroduced.

Another approach was to run the snares all the way across the snare head and completely out each side. Drums such as the Premier 2000, the Ludwig Super-Sensitive and the Tama King Beat have a beam running through the shell to hold the snare mechanism -- and the butt plates -- well outside the drum head area. Of course the objective was to have a fine degree of control both vertically and horizontally, but getting the butt plates off the head was also a priority. (Some of the ‘bracket-rigged’ drums incorporated snares that extended beyond the shell edges, but the results were unimpressive.)

As for the mounting holes in butt plates, some real science has gone into this, and also into the design of the butt plates themselves. Slots, channels, lifters, bends, and what have you ... who'd have thought that something so small and simple could have such an impact.

(1) Butt Plate/End Plate - A metal plate to which individual snare wires are attached. A set of snares has a butt plate at each end. Holes provide a means of attaching the snares to a drum.

(2) Snare Bed - Snare drum shells usually have two regions where the bottom bearing edge has been cut away to produce shallow channels at the edges of the snare head, allowing the snares to lie on the head more evenly. The width and depth of the snare bed can have a dramatic effect on snare response and also tone. Note that snare wires should be selected to match the profile of the snare bed.

(3) Snare Gate - Openings in the bottom rim of a snare drum that allow the snare attachments to pass through.

(4) Snare Bridge/Extension Bracket - A metal bracket attached to one or both sides of a snare drum that guides the snare strings through the snare gate. Provides something like a parallel snare effect and also allows fitting longer snare wires to the drum to eliminate the effect of an end plate. Snare bridges are pretty much obsolete.

Photo © Christoph Hähnel (Dreamstime ID 18749883)

We’ve Got Something To Say

When I was a young adult and living in the big city, I was fortunate to be able to see some great drummers on a regular basis. One night, while sitting at a club not far from where I lived, one of my favourite local players came off the stage and made his way to my table. He was not his usual smiling self, and as he sat down he said, “Some people just got nothin’ to say.” It was a life-altering moment. Up until then, drumming for me consisted of learning things off of records and practicing technique out of a book. You mean you can actually ‘say stuff’ with your instrument?

This principle came to mind recently when I heard three prominent ‘shredders’ on the radio. All three guitarists were known for their inhuman speed. Two of them seemed to be able to integrate speed nicely into the music… but the third? Well, I thought he sounded like he had some sort of quota to fill.

Much of player three’s soloing was merely fast. The speedy bits tended to dominate and often came across as not much more than filler. In general, the solo lacked contrast, dynamics, musical expression , and forward motion … i.e. nothin’ to say (at least, on that recording).

Player number two used speed as a contrast to a more melodic style of playing. Most of the solo was energetic and musical. And when there was an occasional blistering riff, it could be a bit of a jolt. But it always seemed appropriate. This type of contrast introduces instability -- an important quality in music -- which is then be resolved into something moderate.

Player number one (Alan Holdsworth, actually) used speed liberally. And when he did toss off a flurry, it always seemed to have a purpose, it always seemed to be going somewhere.

I find in my own playing that, when I try to be clever and show off a bit of speed, I’m more concerned about my playing than the music. And it shows. But when I try to put, for lack of a better word, expression into my playing, it usually goes more slowly and a lot better. And it feels a lot better too.

Speed is useful, speed is important, and used in moderation it can add a lot of colour and energy to our music. Speed itself is exciting and can be used to great effect, but when it’s continuous it becomes less interesting and can even be tiring for the listeners and others.

Photo credit: 912982 Erikreis, Dreamstime.com

Traditional Grip From The Ground Up

I may get hate mail for this, but as a teacher, long-time player and student of the drums, I would encourage you and anyone else to forget about learning traditional grip. The effort required is substantial and the payback can be hard to justify. There's not even any agreement on what the 'correct' left hand grip should look like. Plus the grip can be limiting and may even lead to pain and injury. Matched grip can handle just about anything you need or want to do, and with a lot less mystery and prep work.

But, let's assume I can't convince you otherwise and you're determined to master the technique of the ancient masters. Or perhaps you're already committed to the grip and just want to tone up your left hand. No problem, but let's see if we can do so in an organized, logical and less stressful manner. Here, then, are a few exercises I use to get the most out of the traditional grip.

The purpose of these exercises is purely to get the hand familiar with the different positions and movements of the traditional grip. None is a final product but all will contribute to a better and more useful grip.

All Crotchety
The traditional grip fulcrum will always be in the crotch of the thumb and first finger. Hold out your left hand (unless you're a lefty) as if you were going to shake someone's hand and put your stick firmly in the above-mentioned crotch. Now, keeping all other fingers away from the action, bounce the stick using just a twist of the forearm. Rotate the forearm outward and the stick rises. Then throw the stick down by turning the forearm inward. Keep the grip loose and allow the stick to rebound back to where it started.

Thumb's Up
Throw the stick down using just your thumb and let it bounce. Bounce the stick with the thumb while keeping your palm open, vertical and still. Your goal here is to 'dribble' the stick using just the thumb and rebound. This version of the technique is preferred by pipe and military drummers ... and some rockers.

First Things First
While a downward motion can come from the hand and/or thumb, the first finger can be equally effective. Keeping the wrist stable and thumb pointed up, bounce the stick using just your index finger. Practice free strokes and dribble strokes using the first finger for the down stroke and use the rebound for setup. The rest of your hand stays out of the way.

Just a Second
We don't use the second finger much with traditional grip, but it too can be useful. It can work in tandem with the first finger, play on its own, or just do nothing. As with the index finger, try making rebound strokes with just the second finger, keeping the thumb and forefinger relaxed. This one can be rather awkward so you may want to rotate your hand and play piano style (see below).

Third Finger’s a Charm
The typical use of the ring finger is to hold the stick up, to stabilize the stick, and to help lift it after a stroke. The third finger can also help put on the brakes after a stroke, catching the stick at the end of its travel.

Last ... and actually least
OK, the little finger doesn't play much of a role. Mainly it either supports the third finger or just minds its own business.

Up For Grabs
An interesting exercise is to use a grabbing motion as you make a stroke. The stick is held in the crotch of the hand, thumb pointing upward, the stick between the second and third digits. Then extend the fingers and execute a stroke by “grabbing the stick.” And repeat. This helps get all the digits working together.

Just For Fun
Try playing 'one-handed rolls' with your left hand. You can play single or double stroke rolls between the first and second fingers, or between the first finger and the thumb. Another trick is to rotate the hand so the first and second fingers are on top, and then use the fingers to tap the stick like the keys of a piano ... odd but effective.

Photo Credit: Joey Swart

How to Succeed

Buddy Rich said it well enough: "Be on time, wear a clean shirt and swing your ass off!” Despite Buddy's penchant for homely sweaters, his advice goes a long way toward spelling out the expectations (the basic requirements of the job) of being a pro, or at least desirable. I used to tell my business students something similar: Show up on time, wear the right clothes, and do what you were hired to do to the best of your ability.

Showing Up
Of course, standards vary. Some band leaders are happy if you're reliably in your spot before counting in the first tune. Others may have different expectations. I worked with one fellow who wanted me on-site an hour (unpaid) before our start time. Because I was often teaching or doing studio work at the other end of the city, that didn't work for me. Despite the fact that I was always there in plenty of time to freshen up and dust off my sticks, our relationship was doomed because the expectations were unrealistic and immovable.

“Showing up on time is one of the greatest
liberating act you can give yourself” - Tom Hanks

Dress the Role

My favourite band uniform ritual was with a casual lounge gig. Whenever the leader called me he asked, "Do you have a pair of dark blue pants?" I had black pants, which worked out just fine since I was sitting down all the time. But he never failed to ask about blue pants -- which I ‘forgot’ to buy due to the low pay and sparse gigs. If the job had been more steady, I'd have bought the required pants to go with the band’s Hawaiian shirts.

Band attire can go in any direction, but my advice is to respect the audience, your band members, your employer, and yourself by dressing well. I see a lot of musicians these days sporting a faded T-shirt and well-worn jeans ... boring, and somewhat disrespectful. So why not spice it up a bit and wear some colour? For years Paul Shaffer wore a new shirt for every gig, and in addition to adding a bit of visual interest, it was good marketing.

Keep Swinging 
After playing the same tunes with the same people for weeks, months or even years, it's easy to get complacent. Do you look bored? Uninterested? Tired of the routine? It shows, and it affects the music, the other performers and the audience. And it’s less fun.

So there it is. Show up on time, which means be there early enough to look after all pre-gig prep. Wear clean, interesting shirt, pants, dress, whatever ... and shine your shoes occasionally. And then swing your ass off.

Photo Credit: Sebastian Czapnik

Bruce Lee Never Played Drums

"I fear not the man who has practiced 10,000 kicks; I fear the man who has practiced one kick 10,000 times"

It was Master Lee's  contention that, while one could learn a lot of different techniques, we can truly master only a few. The people who have mastered their chosen craft have spent countless hours practicing a single fundamental item. Golfers practice their chip shots thousands of times. Tennis players practice their serve to the same degree. Are we drummers consistently following this proven path to success?

“I dare not say  that I have reached any state of achievement,  for I am still learning, for learning is boundless!”

How often do we spend a meaningful amount of time on one exercise before moving on to the next? Does it stay on our practice schedule until we own it, or do we cross it off after a few successful tries?  It's tempting to retire something if it seems to be presenting no problems, but that does not necessarily lead to mastery. I also find that when I'm itching to get on to the next thing, I don't concentrate well on what I'm doing, and that will hamper my progress.

“There are no limits. There are only plateaus, and you must not stay there; you must go beyond them”

Master drummer-educator John Riley says you need to over-master your skills, something he aptly calls 'headroom'. In order to do the job competently, you should strive to have way more technique and ability than needed. That way you can easily do what's called for regardless of the situation, and also have lots in reserve. You can then focus on the music and not worry about your ability to handle things.

“A goal is not always meant to be reached, it often serves simply as something to aim at” 

Having a sense of direction in your musical journey is vital, but imposing rigid (and possibly arbitrary) goals can be too confining, and may even steer you in the wrong direction. If you think of goals as guides rather than rules, then you can better focus on the journey.

“The successful warrior is the average man with laser-like focus”

When practicing a sticking exercise, rather than trying to play it faster, I’ll concentrate on how well I’m playing at that speed: Can I keep this up for a chorus or more without strain Are my feet co-ordinating well with my hands or am I playing a lot of flams? Does it sound musical? Should I slow it down? There’s a lot that I can focus on, and each aspect teaches me something while still moving towards my goal.

There's nothing magical about 10,000 hours or 10,000 repetitions, but the message is clear: More practice on a few items trumps less practice on many items. So while you may run the risk of being a ‘one kick wonder,’ what a marvelous kick that is going to be.

“The possession of anything begins in the mind”

Page 97 Up Close and Personal

I am a staunch disciple of renowned drum teacher Jim Blackley. His death in 2018 at the tender age of 86 silenced his voice, but it needn’t cut us off from his legacy and extraordinary teaching. If there is such a thing as a “Blackley System” then its foundation must be what we find in Section F, which starts on page 97 in Chapter 6 of “The Essence of Jazz Drumming. There are quite a few concepts encapsulated in the chapter, and each addresses a specific issue when applying the drums to jazz and indeed to all music styles. 

3-beat figures played in a 4-beat environment
Cross Rhythms (e.g. 3/4 over 4/4) in jazz is nothing new. Even the lines Jim presents aren’t new. But from humble beginnings, as they say …

Start in “Native Mode”
Play the 3-beat figures on page 98 in 3/4 time to get a feel for them. Once you’re comfortable with the figures in 3/4, you can begin to work them into 4/4 phrases.

2 + 2 Phrases
We can deploy the figures musically by playing two bars of time followed by two bars of the figure. In the case of 3-beat figures, we would play two bars of 4/4 followed by two sets of three plus the first two notes of the figure:  3 + 3 + 2 = 8 beats = 2 bars. A single cymbal stroke on 4 of the second bar helps to set up the figure (Note: this is a classic “call  & response” formula).

Counting in 3 & 4
How do you count 3-beat figures when four beats are the norm? It’s important that you can keep the 4/4 straight, so count in four. It’s also important to keep the “3/4” going. Practice counting both ways and you’ll soon be able to switch as needed.

 

Syncopation
Once the basic 3-beat figures are mastered, we take the concept further by syncopating the figures. In 4/4 time, the syncopated 3-beat figures produce a sonic melange of beats and pulses.

Punctuating Shots using Mnemonics
In jazz, the term “bebop” is derived from a rhythmic figure that is distinctive to that style, i.e. “be-BOP.” Mnemonics like this can help us hear and feel the long and short sounds of the rhythms, resulting in a more musical interpretation.

Playing in 4-bar and 8-bar phrases

Most music is constructed from 4-measure phrases, usually in a 2+2 form often with a call & response motif. An 8-bar phrase is simply two 4-bar phrases. Four and 8 bar phrases are the backbone of (almost) all music, so make a habit of practicing in 4 and 8 bar phrases as much as possible.

Turn-around & Set Up
This section focuses on wrapping up musical phrases with a ‘turn-around.’ A common practice in an 8-bar phrase is to play 6 bars of time followed by a 2-bar figure to close off one phrase and introduce the next one. 

Outlining: Shuffle & Triplet Extensions
The technique in this and the remaining sections is called Outlining. You do this by playing a musical statement with one hand -- in this case, the cymbal line -- and then filling in the ‘missing’ notes with the other hand.

Broken Time

A trend that emerged in jazz in the ’60s was to break up the ride pattern. Instead of a steady ‘ding dinga-ding’, drummers began using more space and syncopated figures to produce a looser feel.

Outlining Continued: Inner & Outer Lines
Each pattern has a rhythmic structure, but within that structure there is a second rhythm. In the Rhythmic Extensions (page 103) the cymbal line plays the outer or musical line while the ‘inner line’ is played on the snare with the other hand. This concept can be applied around the set, and any voice can carry either the outer or inner line.

Extended Cross Rhythms
Once you’ve mastered the 2-bar form of the cross rhythm, move on to 4, 8 and 12 bar phrases. The ultimate goal is to be able to play the 3-beat figures for however long you wish to. Note that the patterns resolve every three bars.

Soloing
Soloing with this material is just a matter of taking the outline sticking patterns and moving them around the set. It’s a bit formulaic, but it’s a good way to get the figures working for you. Remember that you have both the outer and the inner lines to play with. To get started, try playing the figures on toms, keeping the inner line on the snare. Experiment with ‘4s’ by playing 4 bars of time and then 4 bars of a figure.

---

The Essence of Jazz Drumming - “Practical steps to improvised musical performance through time, rhythm and the musical line. A must for every member of the rhythm section”

ISBN: 9780968840603

Available from Drumland: Drumland Canada
 

For Further Study
If you like this manner of playing, you can take it further by working on the 5-beat figures found in Chapter 11.

Also, I have compiled a list of annotations in a Study Guide to Jim’s game-changing book. Send me an email if you’d like a PDF copy: richard@drumyoda.com .

For more on Jim Blackley:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Blackley 

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jim-blackley-emc

https://www.pipesdrums.com/article/james-jimmy-blackley-1927-2017/

 For more on mnemonics:
https://drumyoda.blogspot.com/2015/07/thoughts-on-comping-part-iv.html

Gearing Up for a Drum Solo

The first question I would ask when faced with a solo is, “Do I have to?” Well, that's just me. A more appropriate first question would be “How long?”

Solos fall into three distinct denominations: a specified length of time, a specified number of bars or choruses, and no limit. The context and type of solo you’re going to play will determine how you approach it.

Specified Time
Drum competitions, ‘drum-offs’, auditions, and media spots usually call for a solo of a specific length of time, usually 3 to 5 minutes. It's up to the soloist to manage that time, and temporal accuracy is an important factor. The easiest way to do this type of solo is to decide on a tempo and time signature, and then determine how many beats, bars and choruses will be required. Say you’re allowed 3 minutes for your solo composition (and it is a composition). You decide to solo in 5/4 at 132 bpm. To figure how many choruses you will need, just calculate: Time allowed x Tempo / Beats per bar / Phrase length = Number of choruses.

So:	3 min. x 132 bpm / 5 beats per bar / 12-bar chorus = 6 choruses + 8 bars
	3 min. x 132 bpm / 5 beats per bar / 32-bar chorus = 2 and a half choruses

Specified Bars/Choruses
In some musical contexts, drummers fit their solos into the tune's phrase structure. In a 12-bar blues, for example, you might play two choruses of 12 bars each. In a 32-bar tune, you might play 8, 16 or the full 32 bars. A popular technique is ‘trading 4s’, where the band plays 4 bars and the drummer solos for 4 bars, usually keeping up the exchange for a full chorus. This technique is also applied to ‘8s’, ‘2s’ and even ‘1s’. An interesting twist on this is trading 4- or 8-bar solos in a 12-bar form.

No Set Time Limit
This is the classic crowd-pleasing drum solo, where the artist has complete freedom (within reason). A well crafted solo will build to an energetic climax, at which point the drummer will signal to the band that the solo is coming to an end. The examples that come to mind immediately are Buddy Rich, who seemed to solo until he was exhausted, and Tommy Lee, who likes to ‘work the crowd’ as part of his solo feature.

According to Peter Erskine, a solo is just a series of fills. So Fill + Fill + Fill  = Solo. If you work with 2-bar fills, you’re well on your way to creating a presentable solo.

Structured vs. Unstructured
A drum solo will have some sort of structure, and the nature of that structure will determine how the player gets the job done. A fully structured solo will adhere to a predetermined form. A jazzer who plays several choruses or the rocker who does a somewhat scripted 5-minute solo are both playing structured solos. The time or length is spelled out, and usually the player won't depart from the tune’s tempo, and may even stick to the song form.

An unstructured solo can be quite free form. While a general time limit may be preset, the soloist is free to acknowledge or ignore the music that led up to the solo. That means the drummer can switch phrasing, tempos and time signatures at will.

So, which type of solo is right for you?
The solo style you choose will depend on context. Your solo should relate to the music you’re playing. The strictly timed solo probably won't apply in your typical bar or concert setting, so a structured or more relaxed style would be more suitable. Many drummers find it difficult to play a set number of choruses, and would prefer a more open approach (Tip: If you're planning to play jazz, better get used to playing 4’s and 8’s). So play the tune's structure or just wing it -- either one will work.

It's perfectly acceptable to memorize a framework or even a complete solo. Some drummers rely on a set beginning and a set ending, with the middle part left for improvisation. You can always get more creative as you gain more experience with soloing. And no matter how you decide to approach it, be sure to work out your ending cue with the band beforehand.

Photo Credit: 512058 © Paul-andré Belle-isle, Dreamstime.com 

Functional Guide to the Drum Set

In the beginning, hominids hit random things in order to make a pleasing noise, possibly something they could dance to. Human cleverness soon invented drums and, eventually, cymbals. Both became so important to early societies that the various roles of the instruments were often formalized and systematized. This meant that individual instruments had specific tasks and the players had certain duties. In the drum set, we have many of these classic percussion components, and we frequently pay tribute to their traditional purpose and inspiration.

Bass Drum
The bass drum is the original time keeper. Troops marched and dancers danced to the tempo set by the bass drum, plus it provides a robust bottom end to the sound. Today the bass drum serves the same basic role thanks to the invention of the bass drum pedal. In addition to 'four on the floor', the bass drum’s function has evolved to augmenting the bass line and reinforcing figures. In jazz, it’s often treated as an additional tom.

Snare Drum
The snare drum sets both the rhythm and the mood. As the foremost and most exciting voice, its job is to ensure everything stays on track. A solid back beat keeps contemporary music jumping; a mellow brush pattern sets the stage for a more pensive mood; rapid fire snare strokes can add excitement and impel the music forward.

Ride Cymbal
In the first half of the 20th century, the ride cymbal took over the role formerly held by short rolls on the snare. That change freed the snare drum to take on other duties, and the ride cymbal is now used to define and carry the rhythm.

Crash Cymbals
The first cymbals served two purposes: to help celebrate events and to intimidate the enemy. That remains little changed today. We use our crash cymbals to punctuate and to celebrate making music. And we use them to get people's attention.

Hi-hat
The hi-hat was invented to replicate the sound of 'clash' or symphonic hand cymbals, but the device turned out to be capable of so much more. Stomping on the pedal gives us a ‘chick’ sound. Or we can stomp and let ‘em ring. Play them closed and you have a snare-like sound. Open just a bit and you have a sizzle cymbal. The hi-hat can also give us slosh, bark, pea-soup, and a few others. With so many tonal variants, you can use the ‘hats’ to add a lot of texture.

More is More
Given that the hi-hat can function like a snare, a crash cymbal or a ride cymbal, it’s reasonable to assume we can get similar versatility from the other instruments. Indeed you can play a ride pattern on the snare, bass drum, tom, whatever. You can play a back beat on a tom or on a cymbal stack. Yes, we've preserved the traditional functions, but nowadays we prefer to do more with our instruments.

 

Photo: 222292220 © The London School of Economics and Political Science Library | Dreamstime.com

Blast from the Past

There’s a drum stick maker not far from where I live that’s been raising eyebrows for a number of years now. The Headhunters “Stick with the Groove” has been a staple for drummers for decades. But Dave Rundle, the brains and energy behind Headhunters Sticks & Creations, has a knack for pushing the envelope quite a bit further.

Three recent additions to the Headhunters already-loaded roster of tools caught my attention and I just had to see which, if any, would earn a place in my stick bag. To be honest, in the past I’ve looked at some of Dave’s creations and thought, “I’ll never have a need for that” only to discover that they gave me exactly what I’d been looking for.

My Favourite Brushes of All Time
The new Vintage Jazz brushes take the original Jazz Brush and swaps out the 16-mil wires for 13-mil wires. This results in more individual wires with roughly the same weight and balance as the Jazz Brushes. The thinner wires give the brush a somewhat gentler sound, with delicate texture, but still with authority. I found the balance and feel to be excellent, and these things don’t rattle like many of the brushes I’ve used over the years. (After my “field test”, I went back and bought two more pairs.)

Unique Interpretation
Bullets are the original Headhunters Jazz Brush with a unique addition. At the business end of the grip, just shy of the brush wires, you’ll find a wedge-shaped nylon band. I jumped at this one as I tend to be a bit hard on brushes. The nylon “bullet” lets me do accents and rim shots without killing the aluminum handles. The bullet also gives you more options when playing on cymbals.  A definite winner for brush enthusiasts looking to expand their sound palette.

 

Tribute to One of the Greats

Billy Gladstone manned the Radio City Music Hall drum chair during the 1930s and 1940s. A very creative fellow, he invented many improvements and innovations for drums, his highly prized snare drums being just one example. In 1949, Gladstone was issued a patent for a unique idea: a double-ended drum brush. The design has finally been brought to life in the form of Headhunters’ Billy Gladstone tribute drum brush.

 

The total length had to be increased to 13.25 inches to accommodate two brushes and also allow for retraction. When packed, a few inches of brush extend from both ends. When extended, the ‘other’ wires mostly disappear into the handle. One end has the 16-mil wires as found in the Jazz Brush and the other end, marked with a white band, has the 13-mil wires of the Vintage Jazz Brush.

I bought these mostly out of curiosity, assuming I wouldn’t have an actual use for them (see above). But after working with them for a bit, I’m really enjoying them. The grip area is slightly longer than most brushes, and this suits me (in the past, Dave has made longer handled brushes for me). The balance and weight are just right, despite the extra material needed. And because the bushes are of the ‘Push-me-pull-you’ design, the playing end stays put better than most. It’s also interesting to use a different end in each hand, though I haven’t tried switching the brushes while playing.

Conclusion
All three of these Creations tools are now in my stick bag.